Book of Abraham Manuscript, circa July–circa November 1835–A [Abraham 1:4–2:6]

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Book of Abraham Manuscript, circa July–circa November 1835–A [Abraham 1:4–2:6]
Source Note

Book of Abraham, [
Kirtland Township
Located ten miles south of Lake Erie. Settled by 1811. Organized by 1818. Latter-day Saint missionaries visited township, early Nov. 1830; many residents joined Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Population in 1830 about 55 Latter-day Saints and...
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, Geauga Co., OH, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835]; English in the handwriting of
Frederick G. Williams
28 Oct. 1787–10 Oct. 1842. Ship’s pilot, teacher, physician, justice of the peace. Born at Suffield, Hartford Co., Connecticut. Son of William Wheeler Williams and Ruth Granger. Moved to Newburg, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, 1799. Practiced Thomsonian botanical system...
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; hieratic and unknown characters in unidentified handwriting (likely Williams); four pages; Book of Abraham Manuscripts, CHL. Includes archival markings.

Two leaves, the first leaf measuring 12½ × 7⅝ inches (32 × 19 cm) and the second leaf measuring 12½ × 7¾ inches (32 × 20 cm). The first leaf is unruled, and the second leaf is ruled with thirty-seven blue lines that are now mostly faded. Both leaves were originally part of two larger sheets that were cut in half; the other halves of the two larger sheets are now the first and second leaves of Book of Abraham Manuscript–B. The first and second pages each bear a vertical line drawn in graphite; the third page bears a vertical line in ink. The fourth page does not contain a vertical line. These lines formed a margin on the left side of each page, ranging in width from ½ inch to ¾ inch (1–2 cm). Characters from the Book of Breathing for Horos, the Egyptian Alphabet documents or the Grammar and Alphabet volume, and possibly other unknown sources were copied in the margins.
1
See Fragment of Book of Breathing for Horos–A, between 238 and ca. 153 bc.
It appears that
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paginated the entire manuscript.

At some point, the leaves were folded in half, perhaps for storage. The edges of the right side of the first leaf and the upper edge of the second leaf are worn. Both leaves have significant staining and foxing. The dimensions and distinct outline of the staining on the verso of the first leaf match the dimensions and outline of the plate used in
Nauvoo
Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....
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to print Facsimile 3, the third illustration from the papyri that was printed with the Book of Abraham.
2
See Printing Plate for Facsimile 3, ca. 16 May 1842.
This staining indicates that the printing plates and the manuscripts were stored together for some time. By the late nineteenth or early twentieth century, the pages of this document were labeled in blue ink with letters of the alphabet from J to M.
3
The lettering on the various Book of Abraham documents and the Egyptian Alphabet documents went from A through X.
The handwriting in which this labeling is inscribed is similar to that of early-twentieth-century apostle James E. Talmage. This document was presumably stored with the Egyptian material mentioned in periodic inventories of the Historian’s Office, which suggests continuous institutional custody.
4
“Schedule of Church Records. Nauvoo 1846,” [1]; “Inventory. Historian’s Office. 4th. April 1855,” [1]; “Historian’s Office Inventory, G. S. L. City March 19, 1858,” [1]; “Historian’s Office Catalogue Book March 1858,” [7], Historian’s Office, Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904, CHL; see also Historian’s Office, Journal, 17 Oct. 1855.
Comprehensive Works Cited
Historian’s Office. Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904. CHL. CR 100 130.
Historian’s Office. Journal, 1844–1997. CHL. CR 100 1.
Footnotes
[1]
[2]
See Printing Plate for Facsimile 3, ca. 16 May 1842.
[3]
The lettering on the various Book of Abraham documents and the Egyptian Alphabet documents went from A through X.
[4]
“Schedule of Church Records. Nauvoo 1846,” [1]; “Inventory. Historian’s Office. 4th. April 1855,” [1]; “Historian’s Office Inventory, G. S. L. City March 19, 1858,” [1]; “Historian’s Office Catalogue Book March 1858,” [7], Historian’s Office, Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904, CHL; see also Historian’s Office, Journal, 17 Oct. 1855.
Historian’s Office. Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904. CHL. CR 100 130.
Historian’s Office. Journal, 1844–1997. CHL. CR 100 1.
Historical Introduction
In late 1835,
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inscribed the following version of the first portion of the Book of Abraham. Williams’s manuscript was closely related to Book of Abraham Manuscript–B, which was inscribed by
Warren Parrish
10 Jan. 1803–3 Jan. 1877. Clergyman, gardener. Born in New York. Son of John Parrish and Ruth Farr. Married first Elizabeth (Betsey) Patten of Westmoreland Co., New Hampshire, ca. 1822. Lived at Alexandria, Jefferson Co., New York, 1830. Purchased land at...
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.
1
See Book of Abraham Manuscript, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835–B [Abraham 1:4–2:2].
Evidence suggests that large portions of this version and Book of Abraham Manuscript–B were created and revised simultaneously. The similarities in the revisions to the two manuscripts suggest that Williams and Parrish created portions of these texts by taking down dictation and perhaps by copying portions from a nonextant version of the Book of Abraham. The heading found at the beginning of Book of Abraham Manuscript–A, which reads “sign of the fifth degree of the first <Seccond> part”, is similar to headings found in the Grammar and Alphabet volume and the Egyptian Alphabet documents documents, indicating this manuscript was associated with JS’s earlier efforts to study the Egyptian language—although the nature of this relationship is uncertain.
2
See “Egyptian Alphabet Documents, ca. Early July–ca. Nov. 1835”; and Grammar and Alphabet of the Egyptian Language, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835.

Two relatively large insertions in this version illustrate a connection between the Book of Abraham text and a vignette on the papyri. The insertions refer readers to a representation of the attempted sacrifice of Abraham upon an altar, which points readers to the vignette, or illustration, from the Book of Breathing for Horos.
3
See Fragment of Book of Breathing for Horos–A, between 238 and ca. 153 bc; Rhodes, Hor Book of Breathings, 18; and Coenen, “Ownership and Dating of Certain Joseph Smith Papyri,” 58; see also Book of Abraham and Facsimiles, 1 Mar.–16 May 1842.
Comprehensive Works Cited
Rhodes, Michael D. The Hor Book of Breathings: A Translation and Commentary. Studies in the Book of Abraham, edited by John Gee. Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, Brigham Young University, 2002.
Coenen, Marc. “The Ownership and Dating of Certain Joseph Smith Papyri.” In The Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri: A Complete Edition, P. JS 1–4 and the Hypocephalus of Sheshonq, by Robert K. Ritner, 57–71. Salt Lake City: Smith-Pettit Foundation, 2011.
These insertions by
Williams
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may have been first added to the Book of Abraham Manuscript–A and then silently incorporated in later versions, including Book of Abraham Manuscript–B, which suggests that at least some parts of the manuscripts were not created simultaneously.
4
See Book of Abraham Manuscript, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835–B [Abraham 1:4–2:2]; Book of Abraham Manuscript, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835–C [Abraham 1:1–2:18]; Book of Abraham Manuscript and Explanation of Facsimile 1, ca. Feb. 1842 [Abraham 1:1–2:18]; and Book of Abraham and Facsimiles, 1 Mar.–16 May 1842.

Along the left margin of each page of this version are characters copied from the surviving fragments of the papyri, from the Egyptian Alphabet documents or the Grammar and Alphabet volume, and possibly from other unknown sources.
5
The characters show evidence of having been copied in groups; the characters on the last page all seem to have been copied at the same time. At times,
Williams
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gradually tightened or spaced out his handwriting to ensure an English paragraph would fill but not extend beyond the space between each character and the one following it in the left margin. On the last extant page of the text, however, Williams made a significant copy error, accidentally recopying multiple lines. This copying error indicates that at the final stage in the creation of the manuscript, Williams was copying from another manuscript. The extant manuscript ends near the bottom of the verso of the last leaf. It is possible, therefore, that another, nonextant leaf bearing additional material was inscribed by Williams.
6
Book of Abraham Manuscript–C contains additional text and might have been copied from a nonextant leaf of Book of Abraham Manuscript–A.

Unless otherwise indicated in the annotation, Book of Abraham Manuscript–A and Book of Abraham Manuscript–B contain the same text, as well as the same cancellations and insertions. Differences in spelling, capitalization, and punctuation between the two manuscripts are not noted. Because Book of Abraham Manuscript–C was not created alongside the other two versions, differences between it and Book of Abraham Manuscript–A are not tracked closely in the annotation to this version.
Footnotes
[1]
See Book of Abraham Manuscript, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835–B [Abraham 1:4–2:2].
[2]
See “Egyptian Alphabet Documents, ca. Early July–ca. Nov. 1835”; and Grammar and Alphabet of the Egyptian Language, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835.
[3]
See Fragment of Book of Breathing for Horos–A, between 238 and ca. 153 bc; Rhodes, Hor Book of Breathings, 18; and Coenen, “Ownership and Dating of Certain Joseph Smith Papyri,” 58; see also Book of Abraham and Facsimiles, 1 Mar.–16 May 1842.
Rhodes, Michael D. The Hor Book of Breathings: A Translation and Commentary. Studies in the Book of Abraham, edited by John Gee. Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, Brigham Young University, 2002.
Coenen, Marc. “The Ownership and Dating of Certain Joseph Smith Papyri.” In The Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri: A Complete Edition, P. JS 1–4 and the Hypocephalus of Sheshonq, by Robert K. Ritner, 57–71. Salt Lake City: Smith-Pettit Foundation, 2011.
[4]
See Book of Abraham Manuscript, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835–B [Abraham 1:4–2:2]; Book of Abraham Manuscript, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835–C [Abraham 1:1–2:18]; Book of Abraham Manuscript and Explanation of Facsimile 1, ca. Feb. 1842 [Abraham 1:1–2:18]; and Book of Abraham and Facsimiles, 1 Mar.–16 May 1842.
[5]
[6]
Book of Abraham Manuscript–C contains additional text and might have been copied from a nonextant leaf of Book of Abraham Manuscript–A.
Page 1
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<J>
This letter was inserted in blue ink in unidentified handwriting.

✦ [1] sign of the fifth degree of the first <Seccond> part
1
TEXT: Book of Abraham Manuscript–C does not have this line of text, which is not part of the later Book of Abraham text. This line is apparently related to similar titles in the Egyptian Alphabet documents and the Grammar and Alphabet, though the characters here do not appear in those documents.

✦ [2] I sought for <mine> the appointment whereunto unto the priesthood according to the appointment of God unto the fathers concerning the
2
TEXT: Possibly “th◊ the”, though the “◊” seems to be ink from the “g” in “according” in the line above.
seed

✦ [3] my fathers having turned from their righteousness and from unto them unto the worshiping of the Gods of the hethens

✦ [4] utterly refused to harken to my voice for their hearts were set to do evil and were wholly turned
3
TEXT: An ink blot makes the “u” of “turned” and “and” one line below appear to be partially erased.
to the God of Elk<=>Kener
4
TEXT: Possibly “Elk<=>Kiner” or “Elk<=>Nener”.
and the God of Zibnah
5
TEXT: The inscriptions following “Zibnah” are apparently stray marks but possibly punctuation (perhaps “.,”).
and the God of Mah-mackrah
6
TEXT: After this god’s name, Book of Abraham Manuscript–C has “and the god of Koash”.
and the God of Pharoah King of Egypt therefore they turned their hearts to the sacrafice of the heathens in offering up their children unto these
7
TEXT: Possibly “their” or “there”. Book of Abraham Manuscript–B and –C have “these”.
dumb Idols and harkened not unto my voice but indeovered [endeavored] to take away my life by the hand of the priest of Elk=Kener

✦ [5] The priest of Elk=Keenah
8
TEXT: Book of Abraham Manuscript–B and –C have “Elkkener”.
was also the priest of Pharoah, now at this time it was the custom of the priest of Pharaoh the King of Egypt to offer up upon the Alter which was built in the land of Chaldea for the offering unto ther these strange gods both men, women,
9
TEXT: Possibly “women” with a lengthy extension of “n” that looks like a comma.
and children— and it came to pass that the priest made an offering unto the god of Pharaoh and also unto the god of Shag=reel even after the manner of the Egyptians now the god of Shag-reel was the Sun— even a thank offering of a child did the priest of Pharaoh offer upon the Alter which stood by the hill called Potipher<s>
10
TEXT: “<s>” possibly not inserted.
hill at the head of the plains
11
TEXT: Book of Abraham Manuscript–B has “plain” (without the cancellation of the “s”).
of Olishem

✦ [6] Now this priest had offered
12
TEXT: Possibly “offerin offered” or “offered,”.
off upon
13
TEXT: This revision is not present in Book of Abraham Manuscript–B.
this alter three virgins at one time who were the daughters of Onitus Onitah—one of the regular
14
TEXT: This may indicate the correction of a dictation error.
royal discent directly from the loins of Ham these virgins were offered up because of their virtue they would not bow down to worship Gods of wood, or of stone therefore they were Killed upon this alter

✦ [7] And it was done after the manner of the Egyptians and it came to pass that
15
TEXT: Possibly “the that”.
the priests laid
16
TEXT: Staining on the paper makes “laid” look like “aid”.
violence upon me that they might slay me also, as they did those virgins upon this alter, and that you might have a knowledge of this alter <I will refer you to the representation that is at the (commencement of this record>
17
TEXT: While the ink looks uniform, both the content and cramped nature of the final lines indicate that this text was inserted after character 8 and at least the first line of that paragraph were written. Book of Abraham Manuscript–B has this text inline; this version is unique in having the text inserted.

✦ [8] It was made after,
18
TEXT: Comma possibly a stray mark.
the form of a bedsted such as was had among the Chaldeans and it stood before the Gods of Elk-keenah
19
TEXT: Fold in the paper obscures “ah”. Book of Abraham Manuscript–B has “Elkkener”.
Zibnah Mah-Mach-rah—and als[o] a God like unto that of pharaoh King of Egypt

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Page 1
Document Information
Footnotes
This letter was inserted in blue ink in unidentified handwriting.
[1]
TEXT: Book of Abraham Manuscript–C does not have this line of text, which is not part of the later Book of Abraham text. This line is apparently related to similar titles in the Egyptian Alphabet documents and the Grammar and Alphabet, though the characters here do not appear in those documents.
[2]
TEXT: Possibly “th◊ the”, though the “◊” seems to be ink from the “g” in “according” in the line above.
[3]
TEXT: An ink blot makes the “u” of “turned” and “and” one line below appear to be partially erased.
[4]
TEXT: Possibly “Elk<=>Kiner” or “Elk<=>Nener”.
[5]
TEXT: The inscriptions following “Zibnah” are apparently stray marks but possibly punctuation (perhaps “.,”).
[6]
TEXT: After this god’s name, Book of Abraham Manuscript–C has “and the god of Koash”.
[7]
TEXT: Possibly “their” or “there”. Book of Abraham Manuscript–B and –C have “these”.
[8]
TEXT: Book of Abraham Manuscript–B and –C have “Elkkener”.
[9]
TEXT: Possibly “women” with a lengthy extension of “n” that looks like a comma.
[10]
TEXT: “<s>” possibly not inserted.
[11]
TEXT: Book of Abraham Manuscript–B has “plain” (without the cancellation of the “s”).
[12]
TEXT: Possibly “offerin offered” or “offered,”.
[13]
TEXT: This revision is not present in Book of Abraham Manuscript–B.
[14]
TEXT: This may indicate the correction of a dictation error.
[15]
TEXT: Possibly “the that”.
[16]
TEXT: Staining on the paper makes “laid” look like “aid”.
[17]
TEXT: While the ink looks uniform, both the content and cramped nature of the final lines indicate that this text was inserted after character 8 and at least the first line of that paragraph were written. Book of Abraham Manuscript–B has this text inline; this version is unique in having the text inserted.
[18]
TEXT: Comma possibly a stray mark.
[19]
TEXT: Fold in the paper obscures “ah”. Book of Abraham Manuscript–B has “Elkkener”.