Revelations, Letters, Reports of Discourses, Editorials, Minutes of Meetings, and Other Documents
The Joseph
Smith Papers are divided into six series that cover the range of Joseph
Smith’s personal, ecclesiastical, and civic life. The Documents series is
the core series, presenting in chronological order with historical introductions and
annotation most of the extant (or surviving) documents owned, created, or authorized
by Smith, with certain major exceptions explained below.
At the outset Joseph
Smith wrote very little. His family were not writers. He and many of his
peers read comfortably but were less practiced and perhaps less at ease expressing
themselves in writing. While he was clearly literate, no specimen of his handwriting
created before 1829 is extant. Even as a mature adult,
Smith noted ongoing frustration with the limitations of writing. In a 6 June 1832
letter to his wife
he wrote, “I hope you will excuse . . . my inability in convaying my ideas in
writing.”
Nonetheless, beginning in 1827 at age twenty-one, he
produced extensive texts given him, he said, “by the gift and power of God.” In practice this meant dictation
rather than writing in his own hand, and in this mode he was prolific. Not only did
he dictate to scribes the more-than-500-page text of the Book of Mormon, beginning
in the summer of 1828 he also
dictated hundreds of pages of revelatory texts in the voice of God.
On 6 April 1830, the day Joseph
Smith formally organized the Church of Christ (forerunner to The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), a revelation called for record keeping. Over the next few years
patterns for the creation and preservation of major categories of documents began to
form. Although Joseph Smith occasionally wrote himself, he delegated
most record-keeping tasks to others while retaining ultimate responsibility.
Soon after the formal
church organization, Smith and his assistant
gathered loose copies of his revelations, and by early 1831 Whitmer began copying them into a large bound book.
Minutes of important meetings also received attention. No contemporaneous minutes
exist for the April 1830 organizational meeting or
any of the perhaps less formal meetings that preceded it, but beginning with the
first conference in June 1830, notes were kept of
many meetings, probably on loose sheets, and were later copied into books.
Although began
gathering materials for the first narrative history in June
1831, not until about 1838 did he begin
copying this information, with connecting narrative, into a book. Meanwhile, in
1832
Joseph
Smith composed a brief personal narrative focused on the early visitations of heavenly
messengers. Other histories followed, some under Smith’s supervision and others
commissioned by him. The most extensive Joseph Smith history was begun in 1838, the same period when Whitmer wrote. For this new history, Smith,
with the help of his counselor and secretary , again opened with his early religious experiences, but the history
eventually encompassed a broad sweep of personal and institutional history.
Although Joseph
Smith wrote letters at least as early as 1829,
little of his correspondence from this early period has survived. Some early letters
survived because they were copied into bound books beginning in 1832. Others survived in the possession of the
receiver and were donated decades later to the Church Historian’s Office. But it
appears that most of the early letters are no longer extant.
Whether revelations,
minutes, histories, or letters, the approach to most record keeping by about the end
of 1832 was the same: originals were copied into an
official record book, and once a document was inscribed in the official book, that
(and not the original) became the “copy of record.” These
books (revelation books, minute books, and letterbooks) still exist, but in most
cases the original individual documents are no longer extant. For this reason,
especially for the early years, the texts featured in this series often are not the
original inscriptions but the versions that were copied into the record books.
A July 1832
letter from Joseph
Smith in to church printer in provides
a glimpse of the practice. When Phelps and church historian
traveled to Missouri in late 1831,
they carried with them the “Book of Commandments and Revelations” (or Revelation Book 1), a
manuscript book into which Whitmer, with help from a few others, had transcribed
copies of early revelations. Whitmer, Phelps, and others used this book to prepare
the revelations for publication. In late June, aware that new revelations had been dictated since their
departure, Phelps wrote to Joseph Smith with a request for copies that could be
added to the record and potentially published. In his reply, Smith gave “my reasons
for not sending the remainder, & also the Vision.” Such revelations had tended,
he wrote, to be “snatched from under my hand as soon as given,” but he would
nonetheless “send them to you as soon as possable.” The account of the 16 February
1832
vision, in which
both Joseph Smith and participated, and other subsequent
revelations were later inscribed in the manuscript Book of Commandments and
Revelations. Meanwhile, a second revelation book was begun in Ohio into which the February 1832 vision was also copied, along with other
new revelations soon after they were dictated.
In addition to his
translations, revelations, historical narratives, and correspondence, Joseph
Smith’s literary production included personal journals, beginning in 1832, and articles and editorials for publication. In his
capacities as ecclesiastical and civic leader he authorized the creation of minutes,
certificates, and other documents, all of which are included in The Joseph
Smith Papers, many in the print edition and others online.
There were ebbs and
flows in record keeping and no doubt also in what has survived. For some periods, an
abundance of certain kinds of documents exists; at other times documents of the same
type are few. While the vast majority of Joseph Smith’s extant revelations and
translations were dictated from 1829 through
July 1833, his journals cover only two weeks of that period. The number of letters he
is known to have sent and received in 1833—correspondence describing both ambitious plans for Zion in , Missouri, and the expulsion of the Saints from that county—is larger
than in previous years and in the following year. In 1837, facing a bank failure and an unprecedented number of lawsuits, and
with the defection of former scribe , Smith kept no
journal and apparently sent few letters. In , Illinois, with a
rapidly increasing community of Saints and expanding business involvements, he hired
a staff of professional clerks to maintain records. Although incoming and outgoing
correspondence continued to be registered in Smith’s letterbooks, his clerks now
also filed the originals of incoming correspondence. The volume of documents
created, received, and preserved expanded dramatically. The number of items in his
incoming and outgoing correspondence from his arrival in until his
death is about three times as large as the number of known items for his entire life
up to that point. Judging from the extant record, Smith sent more letters in the
first six months of 1844 than in
any previous full year of his life. His journals from December 1841 to the end of his life in June 1844 include
about the same number of entries as do all his other journals combined.
By presenting Joseph
Smith’s papers in chronological order according to the original dates of
production, the Documents series facilitates the study of the unfolding of concepts,
practices, relationships, and other developments over time. Multiple-entry documents
that cover an extended period of time and are not assignable to a single date, such
as Smith’s journals, minute books, most of his histories, and lengthy translations
like the Book of Mormon, are handled differently. Including these multiple-entry
documents, many of them lengthy and each with its own chronological flow, would
significantly complicate the chronological arrangement of the entire series. Thus
the multiple-entry documents in each of these categories have been placed in their
own series in The Joseph Smith Papers. However, a very limited number
of excerpts from such manuscripts, such as the Book of Mormon
translation, appear in this series as indicators of key efforts in which
Smith was involved and as placeholders pointing to the larger works
elsewhere in The Joseph Smith Papers.
Certain items in
multiple-entry documents will appear more than once in The Joseph Smith
Papers. Some individual items within such documents will appear as
integral parts of the complete multiple-entry document within their own series and
as discrete texts in the Documents series. For example, the entire contents of Joseph
Smith’s bound letterbooks will appear online as a subset
of the Administrative Records series. At the same time, letters to and from Joseph
Smith found in those letterbooks will also appear individually in the Documents
series, placed chronologically among other documents, each with historical
annotation. Revelations that were incorporated into journals, histories, manuscript
volumes of revelations, and church publications are presented in the respective
series: Journals, Histories, and Revelations and Translations. The revelations are
also featured individually in the Documents series with extensive contextual
annotation, along with historical introductions for each document. The Revelations
and Translations series provides textual analysis, noting all redactions and
emendations in each revelation text as it developed; the Documents series presents
the earliest complete text and generally ignores later changes.
As early as June 1830, minutes were created of meetings in which
Smith participated and played a noteworthy role. Most of the extant minutes for the 1830s survived because the original records
or notes were gathered and inscribed in bound minute books. Images and transcripts of these minute books
will be included in their entirety in the Administrative Records series on the
Joseph Smith Papers website. Minutes of some individual conferences or councils that
recorded Smith’s attendance, administrative actions, or comments will also appear in
the Documents series in chronological order, accompanied by historical introductions
and contextual annotation. In the 1840s,
meetings and their minutes multiplied beyond such church councils and conferences to
the municipal offices in which Smith
was involved, resulting in the creation of numerous manuscript minute books. For the
Documents series, entries are extracted from the minutes and proceedings of
pertinent Nauvoo organizations.
Legal and business
papers constitute their own series, arranged in a format that facilitates the study
of their interrelationships. Multiple-entry documents in that series, such as
business ledgers, will appear online. Of the relatively few individual legal and
business documents owned or created by Joseph Smith, a number will also
appear in the Documents series.
The Documents series,
then, includes Joseph Smith’s outgoing and incoming correspondence,
his revelations, reports of discourses, editorials for which he was responsible as
editor of a periodical, minutes of meetings in which he played a role, and other
ecclesiastical and miscellaneous materials, all arranged chronologically. The series
begins with a revelation dictated in July 1828 in
response to the loss of a Book of Mormon manuscript and ends with a letter
Smith wrote to lawyer just hours before he was killed. It is the most extensive series
of The Joseph Smith Papers, with a breadth of coverage unequaled in
any other component of the Papers.
Revelations provide an
essential framework for understanding Joseph Smith and the movement he led,
particularly in the early years. The Documents series features some 160 texts of
Joseph Smith that were written in the firstperson voice of Deity. One revelation begins, “Hearken O ye people of my Church to whom
the Kingdom has been given hearken ye & give ere [ear] to him who laid the foundation of the Earth who made the Heavens
& all the hosts thereof.” Several texts provide
narrative descriptions of visions or visitations, while others present instructions
“given . . . by the gift & power of God.” These revelatory
documents, most of which were published and canonized as scripture during Smith’s
lifetime, provided the foundational structure of the Church of Christ and enunciated
important features of its theology. The copying, organization, and publication of
the revelations was a major focus of Smith’s attention during the early years of his
ministry. The first two volumes of the Revelations and Translations series present
much of this work and inform the treatment of revelations in the Documents
series.
Joseph
Smith’s correspondence constitutes another important element of the
Documents series. Copies of some of his incoming and outgoing correspondence are
preserved in two volumes of letterbooks, both of which will appear in
the Administrative Records series on the Joseph Smith Papers website. Other letters
were copied into journals or histories, and a few received copies survive in
repositories or private collections. By comparison with the correspondence of other
prominent figures of the nineteenth century, the Smith correspondence is not
voluminous. His extant letters sent number only about 305 and those received about
430. All this correspondence is published in the Documents series.
As with Joseph
Smith’s writings in general, most of his letters were dictated to scribes or
written by assignment on his behalf. Of his outgoing correspondence, only about two
dozen extant letters bear the marks of his own pen. Though few, these letters
provide a perspective from which one can begin to separate Smith’s own thoughts and
feelings from those of people who wrote for him, revealing dimensions of his
personality and character not conveyed through the filter of a scribe. For example, to his in
1832 he wrote,
“This day I
have been walking through the most splended part of the city of — the buildings are truly great and wonderful to the
astonishing of eve[r]y beholder and the language
of my heart is like this can the great God of all the Earth maker of all things
magnificent and splended be displeased with man for all these great inventions
saught out by them my answer is no it cannot be seeing these works are
calculated to mak[e] men comfortable wise and
happy therefore not for the works can the Lord be displeased only aganst man is
the anger of the Lord kindled because they Give him not the Glory.”
And after spending
nearly six months in jails and witnessing his people driven from the state, he dictated
these sentiments to the scattered church members: “O God where art thou and where is
the pavilion that covereth thy hiding place how long shall thy hand be stayed and
thine eye yea thy pure eye behold from the etearnal heavens the rongs of thy people
and of thy servants and thine ear be penetrated with their c[r]yes yea o Lord how long shall they suffer these rongs and unlawfull
oppressions before thine hart shall be softened towards them and thy bowels be moved
with compassion to-wards them?” Such writings reveal a more emotionally open and
accessible Joseph Smith than the persona conveyed through the writings of his scribes
and clerks.
A third significant
component of the Documents series is the reports of Joseph
Smith’s discourses. The papers of Smith and others associated with him
preserve reports of only a small fraction of his public addresses. A comprehensive
calendar of
documents, available at the Joseph Smith Papers website, notes known
occasions on which Smith gave a speech or a sermon, but The Joseph Smith
Papers feature only those contemporary reports of Smith’s sermons that
attempt to recreate at least a partial text, rather than accounts that list topics
he covered or describe the nature of his delivery or the impact of the
discourse.
Joseph
Smith rarely produced notes or outlines for his speeches, sermons, or
prayers. One exception is the text of the dedicatory prayer he
pronounced for the ,
Ohio, , in March 1836, which he composed
with the aid of several collaborators. Another is a discourse he dictated
to his clerk , which Thompson read at the
church’s general conference in , Illinois, on 5 October 1840.
Smith’s
own journals are among the sources from which reports of his public addresses are
excerpted. The priority given to the Joseph Smith revelations in the first decade of
his ministry may help explain why only a small number of his sermons and discourses
were recorded, most of which come from the last three years of his life. Of
fifty-two public addresses reported in some detail in his multivolume manuscript
history, thirty-five date from the last eighteen months of his life; the
remaining seventeen average about two a year between 1834 and 1842. During his last eighteen months, Smith is
known to have spoken an additional sixteen times, but no report of these addresses
has been found. Not until December 1841 did any of
the scribes assigned to keep Smith’s journal record a partial text of one of Smith’s
sermons,
and because neither —the scribe on that occasion—nor
others who captured portions of Smith’s sermons were proficient in shorthand, even
the best of existing accounts suffer from the inaccuracy and incompleteness of what
might best be described as note taking. Indeed, many accounts were short, and even
though a few were more extensive, there is no verbatim account of any sermon by
Joseph Smith. , a British convert proficient in
Pitman shorthand, arrived in in the spring of 1843 but was never assigned to record a Smith
discourse.
Joseph
Smith served as editor of the periodical Elders’ Journal of the
Church of Latter Day Saints for its October and November 1837 issues published at ,
Ohio, and its July and August 1838
issues published at , Missouri. He took editorial responsibility for the periodical Times and Seasons for seven months in
1842, from the 1
March through 15 October numbers. The extent to which he was
personally involved as author or coauthor of editorials and articles and the degree
of editorial oversight he exercised on the contents of these publications during his
editorial tenure varied widely. From August through October 1842 he was frequently absent from the office,
evading arrest by law enforcement officials, and he eventually resigned as editor
because he was unable to devote the required attention to the paper. The Documents
series includes editorials, articles, and other items published during Smith’s
tenure as editor for which he had at least nominal responsibility. Historical
introductions for the individual documents discuss the available evidence concerning
his involvement with each.
Of the numerous
routine documents, such as licenses, certificates, banknotes, and other
miscellaneous documents in the Smith papers, only a representative sampling is
featured in the letterpress publication. The electronic edition includes images of
all extant originals of those items, many in private possession, that the project
has permission to publish, and transcriptions of many of them. In its letterpress
and online editions, The Joseph Smith Papers constitutes the most
extensive collection of Joseph Smith’s records available, helping researchers better
understand the church founder, the Latter-day Saint movement, and in the first half of the nineteenth century. The Documents series
is the core offering of The Joseph Smith Papers, allowing firsthand
access to Smith’s mind and activities at hundreds of points in time throughout his
relatively brief adult life.
- 1
- 2
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3
Revelation, 6 Apr. 1830 [D&C 21:1].
-
4
See the source notes for Revelation Book 1 and Minute Book 2.
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5
JS, Journal, 27 Apr. 1838; see also “Joseph Smith’s Historical Enterprise.”
-
6
See the source note for JS Letterbook 1.
-
7
The practice seems to have been similar to that involved in the retention of legal and government records, of which an individual may have had a personal copy, but the one filed in the appropriate office was the official copy.
-
8
Letter to William W. Phelps, 31 July 1832. Phelps’s letter to JS to which this is a reply has not been located.
-
9
See Vision, 16 Feb. 1832, in Revelation Book 1, pp. 135–139, and in Revelation Book 2, pp. 1–10 [D&C 76].
-
10
See JS, Journal, 27 Nov.–6 Dec. 1832.
-
11
These statistics do not include letters of introduction, letters of recommendation, or letters of attorney.
-
12
See Minutes, 9 June 1830.
-
13
See the source note for Minute Book 2.
-
14
See Revelation, July 1828 [D&C 3]; and JS, Carthage, IL, to Orville Browning, Quincy, IL, 27 June 1844, JS Materials, CCLA.
Smith, Joseph. Materials, 1832–1844, 1883. CCLA.
-
15
See Bushman, Rough Stone Rolling, 68–69.
Bushman, Richard Lyman. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. With the assistance of Jed Woodworth. New York: Knopf, 2005.
-
16
Revelation, ca. 7 Mar. 1831 [D&C 45].
- 17
-
18
See Jessee, Papers of Joseph Smith, 1:xxviii–xxxi.
Jessee, Dean C., ed. The Papers of Joseph Smith. 2 vols. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1989–1992.
- 19
-
20
Letter to the Church and Edward Partridge, 20 Mar. 1839 [D&C 121:1–3].
-
21
Prayer of Dedication, 27 Mar. 1836 [D&C 109]; Cowdery, Diary, 26 Mar. 1836.
Cowdery, Oliver. Diary, Jan.–Mar. 1836. CHL. MS 3429. Also available as Leonard J. Arrington, “Oliver Cowdery’s Kirtland, Ohio, ‘Sketch Book,’” BYU Studies 12 (Summer 1972): 410–426.
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22
General Church Minutes, 5 Oct. 1840; Coray, Autobiographical Sketch, 5. Smith was present and participated actively in the conference proceedings; there is no indication why Thompson and not Smith read what the minutes describe as “an article on the priesthood composed by Joseph Smith junr..”
General Church Minutes, 1839–1877. CHL. CR 100 318.
Coray, Howard. Autobiographical Sketch, after 1883. Howard Coray, Papers, ca. 1840–1941. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2043, fd. 1.
-
23
JS, Journal, 26 Dec. 1841.
-
24
Watt began recording sermons in Nauvoo in April 1845. (Watt, Mormon Passage of George D. Watt, 49–50.)
Watt, Ronald G. The Mormon Passage of George D. Watt: First British Convert, Scribe for Zion. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2009.
-
25
Masthead, Elders’ Journal, Oct. 1837, 16; Masthead, Elders’ Journal, Aug. 1838, 64; JS, “To Subscribers,” Times and Seasons, 1 Mar. 1842, 3:710; JS, “Valedictory,” Times and Seasons, 15 Nov. 1842, 4:8.
Elders’ Journal of the Church of Latter Day Saints. Kirtland, OH, Oct.–Nov. 1837; Far West, MO, July–Aug. 1838.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.