Footnotes

1. [1]

   Young, History of the Organization of the Seventies, 2. The schoolhouse was located in a two-story building with an attic on a lot west of where the House of the Lord was being constructed. The schoolhouse was on the lower level of the building, while the church’s printing office was on the upper level. (“Portion of Kirtland Township, Ohio, 12 January 1838;” Berrett, Sacred Places, 3:29.)  

   Young, Joseph, Sr. History of the Organization of the Seventies: Names of First and Second Quorums. Items in Relation to the First Presidency of the Seventies. Also, a Brief Glance at Enoch and His City. Embellished with a Likeness of Joseph Smith, the Prophet, and a View of the Kirtland Temple. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Steam Printing Establishment, 1878.

   Berrett, LaMar C., ed. Sacred Places: A Comprehensive Guide to Early LDS Historical Sites. 6 vols. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1999–2007.

2. [2]

   Cowdery, Whitmer, and Harris signed a statement in June 1829 indicating that an angel had shown them the gold plates from which JS translated the Book of Mormon. (Testimony of Three Witnesses, Late June 1829.)  

3. [3]

   Luke 6:13–16; Book of Mormon, 1830 ed., 479 [3 Nephi 12:1].  

4. [4]

   Bushman, Rough Stone Rolling, 271; M’Caine, History and Mystery of Methodist Episcopacy, 23.  

   Bushman, Richard Lyman. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. With the assistance of Jed Woodworth. New York: Knopf, 2005.

   M’Caine, Alexander. The History and Mystery of Methodist Episcopacy; or, A Glance at “The Institutions of the Church, as We Received Them from Our Fathers.” Baltimore: Richard J. Matchett, 1827.

5. [5]

   Revelation, June 1829–B [D&C 18:26–28, 37].  

6. [6]

   Minutes and Blessings, 21 Feb. 1835.  

7. [7]

   Minutes, 25–26 Oct. 1831.  

8. [8]

   Minutes and Blessings, 21 Feb. 1835.  

9. [9]

   For an overview of the selection of the Twelve Apostles from their point of view, see Esplin, “Emergence of Brigham Young,” 125–132.  

   Esplin, Ronald K. “The Emergence of Brigham Young and the Twelve to Mormon Leadership, 1830–1841.” PhD diss., Brigham Young University, 1981. Also available as The Emergence of Brigham Young and the Twelve to Mormon Leadership, 1830–1841, Dissertations in Latter-day Saint History (Provo, UT: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History; BYU Studies, 2006).

10. [10]

    JS History, vol. B-1, addenda, 1nA.  

    JS History / Smith, Joseph, et al. History, 1838–1856. Vols. A-1–F-1 (original), A-2–E-2 (fair copy). Historian’s Office, History of the Church, 1839–ca. 1882. CHL. CR 100 102, boxes 1–7. The history for the period after 5 Aug. 1838 was composed after the death of Joseph Smith.

11. [11]

    Brigham Young, in Journal of Discourses, 7 May 1861, 9:89.  

    Journal of Discourses. 26 vols. Liverpool: F. D. Richards, 1855–1886.

12. [12]

    Young, History of the Organization of the Seventies, 1.  

    Young, Joseph, Sr. History of the Organization of the Seventies: Names of First and Second Quorums. Items in Relation to the First Presidency of the Seventies. Also, a Brief Glance at Enoch and His City. Embellished with a Likeness of Joseph Smith, the Prophet, and a View of the Kirtland Temple. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Steam Printing Establishment, 1878.

13. [13]

    Oliver Cowdery, Elk Horn, Wisconsin Territory, to Brigham Young, 27 Feb. 1848, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL.  

    Brigham Young Office Files, 1832–1878. CHL. CR 1234 1.

14. [14]

    Gurley, “Questions Asked of David Whitmer,” 4.  

    Gurley, Zenos. “Questions Asked of David Whitmer at His Home in Richmond Ray County Mo,” 14–21 Jan. 1885. CHL. MS 4633.

15. [15]

    Revelation, 22 June 1834 [D&C 105:9–13, 18, 35–37].)  

16. [16]

    Between February and September 1835, more than seventy individuals were blessed for their participation in the Camp of Israel and more than sixty were ordained as either apostles or members of the Seventy, another organization with proselytizing responsibilities that was established around this same time. (See Minutes and Blessings, 28 Feb.–1 Mar. 1835; Minutes, Discourse, and Blessings, 1 Mar. 1835; Minutes and Discourses, 7–8 Mar. 1835; Minutes and Discourse, 2 May 1835; and Minutes, 8 Aug. 1835.)  

17. [17]

    The June 1829 revelation designated only Cowdery and Whitmer to select the Twelve, but Harris participated as well, probably because he, like Whitmer and Cowdery, was one of the Three Witnesses of the Book of Mormon.  

18. [18]

    John F. Boynton did not go on the expedition because he was preaching in Maine. David W. Patten, William E. McLellin, and Thomas B. Marsh were already living in Missouri at the time. (Sylvester Stoddard, Saco, ME, to Oliver Cowdery, Kirtland, OH, 15 June 1834, in The Evening and the Morning Star, Aug. 1834, 181; Patten, Journal, 4 Mar. 1834; “Affairs in the West,” The Evening and the Morning Star, July 1834, 175; “T. B. Marsh,” [2], Historian’s Office, Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861, CHL.)  

    The Evening and the Morning Star. Independence, MO, June 1832–July 1833; Kirtland, OH, Dec. 1833–Sept. 1834.

    Patten, David W. Journal, 1832–1834. CHL. MS 603.

    Historian’s Office. Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861. CHL. CR 100 93.

19. [19]

    Pratt, Autobiography, 127; Partridge, Diary, 24 Apr. 1835; Pratt, Diary, 20 Apr. 1835.  

    Pratt, Parley P. The Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt, One of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Embracing His Life, Ministry and Travels, with Extracts, in Prose and Verse, from His Miscellaneous Writings. Edited by Parley P. Pratt Jr. New York: Russell Brothers, 1874.

    Partridge, Edward. Diaries, 1818 and 1835–1836. Edward Partridge, Papers, 1818–1839. CHL. MS 892, box 1, fds. 1–2.

    Pratt, Orson. Journal, 1833–1837. Orson Pratt, Autobiography and Journals, 1833–1847. CHL. MS 587, fds. 2–4.

20. [20]

    For example, Heber C. Kimball, William E. McLellin, Parley P. Pratt, Luke Johnson, William Smith, and Orson Pratt all referred to being ordained as apostles, rather than just blessed. (Kimball, “Journal and Record,” 22; William E. McLellin, Independence, MO, to Davis H. Bays, Lafayette, KS, 24 May 1870, in True Latter Day Saints’ Herald, 15 Sept. 1870, 553; Pratt, Autobiography, 127; “History of Luke Johnson,” [2], Historian’s Office, Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861, CHL; Smith, William Smith on Mormonism, 27; Pratt, Diary, 26 Apr. 1835; see also Minutes and Blessings, 21 Feb. 1835.)  

    Kimball, Heber C. “The Journal and Record of Heber Chase Kimball an Apostle of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,” ca. 1842–1858. Heber C. Kimball, Papers, 1837–1866. CHL. MS 627, box 1.

    Saints’ Herald. Independence, MO. 1860–.

    Pratt, Parley P. The Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt, One of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Embracing His Life, Ministry and Travels, with Extracts, in Prose and Verse, from His Miscellaneous Writings. Edited by Parley P. Pratt Jr. New York: Russell Brothers, 1874.

    Historian’s Office. Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861. CHL. CR 100 93.

    Smith, William. William Smith on Mormonism. This Book Contains a True Account of the Origin of the Book of Mormon. A Sketch of the History, Experience, and Ministry of Elder William Smith. . . . Lamoni, IA: Herald Steam Book and Job Office, 1883.

    Pratt, Orson. Journal, 1833–1837. Orson Pratt, Autobiography and Journals, 1833–1847. CHL. MS 587, fds. 2–4.

21. [21]

    Kimball, “Journal and Record,” 22.  

    Kimball, Heber C. “The Journal and Record of Heber Chase Kimball an Apostle of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,” ca. 1842–1858. Heber C. Kimball, Papers, 1837–1866. CHL. MS 627, box 1.

22. [22]

    Smith, William Smith on Mormonism, 27.  

    Smith, William. William Smith on Mormonism. This Book Contains a True Account of the Origin of the Book of Mormon. A Sketch of the History, Experience, and Ministry of Elder William Smith. . . . Lamoni, IA: Herald Steam Book and Job Office, 1883.

23. [23]

    Pratt, Diary, 26 Apr. 1835.  

    Pratt, Orson. Journal, 1833–1837. Orson Pratt, Autobiography and Journals, 1833–1847. CHL. MS 587, fds. 2–4.

24. [24]

    Minutes and Blessings, 21 Feb. 1835; Pratt, Autobiography, 127–128.  

    Pratt, Parley P. The Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt, One of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Embracing His Life, Ministry and Travels, with Extracts, in Prose and Verse, from His Miscellaneous Writings. Edited by Parley P. Pratt Jr. New York: Russell Brothers, 1874.

25. [25]

    JS, Journal, 17 Dec. 1835.  

26. [26]

    Kimball, “Journal and Record,” 22.  

    Kimball, Heber C. “The Journal and Record of Heber Chase Kimball an Apostle of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,” ca. 1842–1858. Heber C. Kimball, Papers, 1837–1866. CHL. MS 627, box 1.

27. [27]

    Articles and Covenants, ca. Apr. 1830 [D&C 20:38]; Revelation, 22–23 Sept. 1832 [D&C 84:63–64]; Revelation, 6 Apr. 1830 [D&C 21:1, 10–12]. For more information on the use of the term apostle before February 1835, see “Apostle” in the glossary on the Joseph Smith Papers website, josephsmithpapers.org.  

28. [28]

    Partridge, Diary, 24 Apr. 1835; Pratt, Diary, 20 Apr. 1835.  

    Partridge, Edward. Diaries, 1818 and 1835–1836. Edward Partridge, Papers, 1818–1839. CHL. MS 892, box 1, fds. 1–2.

    Pratt, Orson. Journal, 1833–1837. Orson Pratt, Autobiography and Journals, 1833–1847. CHL. MS 587, fds. 2–4.

29. [29]

    Minutes and Discourses, 27 Feb. 1835.  

30. [30]

    Esplin and Nielsen, “Record of the Twelve,” 13.  

    Esplin, Ronald K., and Sharon E. Nielsen. “The Record of the Twelve, 1835: The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles’ Call and 1835 Mission.” BYU Studies 51, no. 1 (2012): 4–52.

31. [31]

    William E. McLellin, Independence, MO, to Davis H. Bays, Lafayette, KS, 24 May 1870, in True Latter Day Saints’ Herald, 15 Sept. 1870, 553.  

    Saints’ Herald. Independence, MO. 1860–.